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Упит dcterms_subject_txt:development of lexical resources

2833 items

  • Keyword-Based Search on Bilingual Digital Libraries

    Ranka Stanković, Cvetana Krstev, Duško Vitas, Nikola Vulović, Olivera Kitanović (2017)
    This paper outlines the main features of Biblisha, a tool that offers various possibilities of enhancing queries submitted to large collections of aligned parallel text residing in bilingual digital library. Biblishsa supports keyword queries as an intuitive way of specifying information needs. The keyword queries initiated, in Serbian or English, can be expanded, both semantically, morphologically and in other language, using different supporting monolingual and bilingual resources. Terminological and lexical resources are of various types, such as wordnets, electronic ...

  • A Data Driven Approach for Raw Material Terminology

    Olivera Kitanović, Ranka Stanković, Aleksandra Tomašević, Mihailo Škorić, Ivan Babić, Ljiljana Kolonja (2021)
    The research presented in this paper aims at creating a bilingual (sr-en), easily searchable, hypertext, born-digital, corpus-based terminological database of raw material terminology for dictionary production. The approach is based on linking dictionaries related to the raw material domain, both digitally born and printed, into a lexicon structure, aligning terminology from different dictionaries as much as possible. This paper presents the main features of this approach, data used for compilation of the terminological database, the procedure by which it has ...
    sirovine, rudarstvo, terminologija, rečnik, terminološka aplikacija, mobilna aplikacija, digitizacija, leksički podaci, korpusi, otvoreni povezani podaci
    ... The development of digital resources for raw material terminology has been an ongoing activity at the UBFMG for several years now. It started with research related to the development of an ontology of mining equipment [19], in line with other research aimed at development of bilingual lexical resources ...
    ... 2892 3 of 22 used for developing web and mobile dictionary applications. In developing this system, a data driven approach is adopted, relying on available textual, lexical and terminological resources, both in printed and electronic form. Within the development of this system, printed resources, the ...
    ... used for the com- prehensive multilingual lexical database of raw material terminology, while the remaining two resources have been incorporated in the dictionary production pipeline. For systematic development of raw material terminology, textual resources, namely, bilingual libraries and corpora are ...

  • OntoLex Publication Made Easy: A Dataset of Verbal Aspectual Pairs for Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

    Ranka Stanković, Maxim Ionov, Medina Bajtarević, Lorena Ninčević (2024)
    Ovaj rad predstavlja novi jezički resurs za pretraživanje i istraživanje verbalnih aspektnih parova u BCS (bosanskom, hrvatskom i srpskom), kreiran korišćenjem principa Lingvističkih Povezanih Otvorenih Podataka (LLOD). Pošto ne postoji resurs koji bi pomogao učenicima bosanskog, hrvatskog i srpskog kao stranih jezika da prepoznaju aspekt glagola ili njegove parove, kreirali smo novi resurs koji će korisnicima pružiti informacije o aspektu, kao i link ka aspektnim parovima glagola. Ovaj resurs takođe sadrži spoljne linkove ka monolingvalnim rečnicima, Wordnetu i BabelNetu. ...
    aspekt glagola, lingvistički otvoreni podaci, BCS

  • The Dictionary of the Serbian Academy: from the Text to the Lexical Database

    Ranka Stanković, Rada Stijović, Duško Vitas, Cvetana Krstev, Olga Sabo (2018)
    In this paper we discuss the project of digitization of the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian Standard and Vernacular Language. Scanning and character recognition were a particular challenge, since various non-standard character set encoding was used in the course of the almost 60-year long production of the dictionary. The first aim of the project was to formalize the micro-structure of the dictionary articles in order to parse the digitized text of and transform it into structured data stored in relational lexical database. This approach ...
    computer lexicography, lexical database, language resources, dictionary, Serbian language
    ... compatible formal structure and markup language.2 This development led to further linking of lexical data and their integration with semantic resources, such as ontologies (McCrae et al., 2011). The DSA is rather special compared to similar dictionaries for other languages: its significant part has already ...
    ... volumes as well. Keywords: computer lexicography, lexical database, language resources, dictionary, Serbian language 1 Introduction The first volume of the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian Standard and Vernacular Language (re- ferred to as the Dictionary of Serbian Academy or DSA), prepared and compiled ...
    ... dictionary corpus. The set of markers is partially aligned with the TEI elements (and attributes) and LexInfo in order to relate the lexical data to other resources and provide automatic production of the dictionary in different forms and formats. Figure 3 illustrates a part of the database model with ...

  • On the compatibility of lexical resources for NooJ

    Ranka Stanković, Miloš Utvić, Duško Vitas, Cvetana Krstev, Ivan Obradović (2012)
    Lexical resources for many languages are provided for the NooJ linguistic development environment. Meta-data descriptions of morphosyntactic and semantic properties of these languages and their resources are a mandatory part of each language module. In this paper we analyze how well the meta-data actually describe resources for a chosen subset of languages and to what extent are they compatible across languages to support multilingual processing. We show that there is place for improvement in both directions.
    ... LEXICAL RESOURCES FOR NOOJ RANKA STANKOVIĆ, MILOŠ UTVIĆ, DUŠKO VITAS, CVETANA KRSTEV AND IVAN OBRADOVIĆ Abstract Lexical resources for many languages are provided for the NooJ linguistic development environment. Meta-data descriptions of morphosyntactic and semantic properties of these ...
    ... analysis of the Dictionary Properties’ Definition files. The section that follows outlines the results of lexical analysis of the application of NooJ resources to aligned texts. Finally, a section is dedicated to some related issues of compatibility and standardization. The paper ends with concluding ...
    ... them. From the point of view of Serbian, there was additional interest in this issue in view of the fact that the development of a new Serbian module for NooJ is underway. The analysis of compatibility of NooJ resources outlined in this paper was tackled by a comparison of the annotation systems ...

  • Managing mining project documentation using human language technology

    Aleksandra Tomašević, Ranka Stanković, Miloš Utvić, Ivan Obradović, Božo Kolonja (2018)
    Purpose: This paper aims to develop a system, which would enable efficient management and exploitation of documentation in electronic form, related to mining projects, with information retrieval and information extraction (IE) features, using various language resources and natural language processing. Design/methodology/approach: The system is designed to integrate textual, lexical, semantic and terminological resources, enabling advanced document search and extraction of information. These resources are integrated with a set of Web services and applications, for different user profiles and use-cases. Findings: The ...
    Digital libraries, Information retrieval, Data mining, Human language technologies, Project documentation

  • Multi-word Expressions for Abusive Speech Detection in Serbian

    Ranka Stanković, Jelena Mitrović, Danka Jokić, Cvetana Krstev (2020)
    Ovaj rad predstavlja istraživanja na usavršavanju i unapređenju srpske verzije rečnika Hurtlex, višejezičnog leksikona uvredljivih reči. Posebnu pažnju posvećujemo dodavanju izraza sa više reči (polileksemskih jedinica) koji se mogu smatrati uvredljivim, jer su takvi leksički zapisi veoma važni za postizanje dobrih rezultata u mnoštvu zadataka otkrivanja uvredljivog jezika. Srpski morfološki rečnici se koriste kao osnova za čišćenje podataka i stvaranje rečnika. Istaknuta je veza sa drugim leksičkim i semantičkim resursima na srpskom jeziku i predviđena je izgradnja sistema za ...
    uvredljiv govor, govor mržnje, leksički izvori, višejezični leksikon, izrazi sa više reči
    ... Statistic of lexical cleaning. Bearing in mind that the initial version of HurLex for Serbian was mostly done automatically, without support of any tools and resources for Serbian language processing, such results were expected and certainly indicate that this phase is inevitable in the construction of similar ...
    ... linguistic phenomenon. The development of the MWE lexicon also helps in reducing ambiguity. The lexical resource, consisting of words that could be used as a trigger for recognition of abusive language is built, with an idea that the Serbian system for recognition and normalization of abusive expressions will ...
    ... connection to other lexical and semantic resources in Serbian is outlined and building of abusive language detection systems based on that connection is foreseen. 1 Introduction This paper presents initial results in an on-going collaboration between University of Passau and Uni- versity of Belgrade aimed ...

  • Resource-based WordNet Augmentation and Enrichment

    Ranka Stanković, Miljana Mladenović, Ivan Obradović, Marko Vitas, Cvetana Krstev (2018)
    In this paper we present an approach to support production of synsets for SerbianWordNet(SerWN)byadjustingPrincetonWordNet(PWN)synsetsusing several bilingual English-Serbian resources. PWN synset definitions were automatically translated and post-edited, if needed, while candidate literals for Serbian synsets were obtained automatically from a list of translational equivalents compiled form bilingual resources. Preliminary results obtained from a setof1248selectedPWNsynsetsshowthattheproducedSerbiansynsetscontain 4024 literals, out of which 2278 were offered by the system we present in this paper, whereas experts added the remaining 1746. Approximately one half of ...
    WordNet, bilingual resources, term alignment, parallel lists
    ... most important resources in Human Language Technologies. Thus, for example, the Princeton WordNet - PWN (Fellbaum, 1998), has been in use for more than two decades as the standard lexical database for English. Several projects inspired by PWN for the development of wordnets for clusters of other languages ...
    ... aligned lexical entries, from which a list of 17,761 aligned term pairs was produced. GeolISSTerm (Stanković et al., 2011) and RudOnto (Kolonja et al., 2016) are bilingual resources developed at the Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade (FMG). GeolISSTerm5 is a thesaurus of geological ...
    ... (2006). WS4LR: A Workstation for Lexical Resources. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2006, pages 1692–1697. Krstev, C., Stanković, R., and Vitas, D. (2010). A Description of Morphological Features of Serbian: a Re- vision using Feature ...

  • Improvement of geodatabase queries within GeolISS

    Ranka Stanković (2008)
    ... es. Efficient exploration of such a valuable source of geologic data in view of the diversity and amount of archived data, which is of paramount importance for the quality of results obtained by the query, can be substantially improved by using various lexical resources, such as morphological ...
    ... query expansion Selection of words chosen for a query, which are of paramount importance for the quality of results obtained by the query, can be substantially improved by using various lexical resources. Morphological dictionaries enable morphological expansion of the query, very important in ...
    ... HLT Group at the University of Belgrade can substantially improve query results for the GeolISS geodatabase. A further integration of developed lexical resources, namely the spatial multilingual database of named entities, can be used for a multilingual symbolization of maps. References ...

  • Multiword Expressions between the Corpus and the Lexicon: Universality, Idiosyncrasy and the Lexicon-Corpus Interface

    Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Voula Giouli, Kilian Evang, Daniel Zeman, Petya Osenova, Carole Tiberius, Simon Krek, Stella Markantonatou, Ivelina Stoyanova, Ranka Stankovic, Christian Chiarcos (2024)
    Predstavljamo trenutne aktivnosti na definisanju interfejsa leksikona i korpusa koji će služiti kao referenca u prikazu polileksemskih jedinica - višečlanih izraza - (različitih tipova - imenskih, glagolskih, itd.) u specijalizovanim leksikonima i povezivanju ovih unosa sa njihovim pojavljivanjima u korpusima. Konačni cilj je korišćenje ovakvih resursa za automatsko identifikovanje višečlanih izraza u tekstu. Uključivanje nekoliko prirodnih jezika ima za cilj univerzalnost rešenja koje nije usredsređeno na određeni jezik, kao i prilagođavanje idiosinkrazijama. Raspravljaju se izazovi u leksikografskom opisu višerečnih ...
    multiword expression lexicon, corpus, proof-of-concept lexicon encoding

  • Proširivanje upita zasnovano na leksičkim resursima

    Ranka Stanković, Ivan Obradović, Cvetana Krstev (2009)
    U radu je opisano kako se leksički resursi za srpski jezik i softverski alati, razvijeni u okviru Grupe za jezičke tehnologije Univerziteta u Beogradu, mogu koristiti za unapređenje postavljanja upita. Rezultati pretrage mogu biti značajno unapređeni korišćenjem različitih leksičkih resursa, kakvi su morfološki rečnici i semantičke mreže. Izloženi pristup može se iskoristiti i u Sistemu naučnih, tehnoloških i poslovnih informacija, jer je efikasno pretraživanje ovog dragocenog resursa, imajući u vidu njegovu heterogenost i obim, kao i preovladavajući tekstualni sadržaj, ...
    ... web services, that enables the solution of various tasks via the web. Besides a short description of the lexical resources for Serbian involved, we shall also describe how the functions of the WS4LR tool can be used for their maintenance and development, as well as some possibilities for web query ...
    ... Abstract - This paper presents how resources and tools developed within the Human Language Technology Group at the University of Belgrade can be used for improvement of queries. Search results can be substantially improved by using various lexical resources, such as morphological dictionaries ...
    ... Vitas D., Obradović I., “WS4LR: A Workstation for Lexical Resources”, Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2006, Genoa, Italy, May 2006, pp. 1692- 1697. [7] Stanković R. (2008) „Improvement of geodatabase queries within GeolISS“, Pregled Nacionalnog ...

  • Terminology Acquisition and Description Using Lexical Resources and Local Grammars

    Cvetana Krstev, Ranka Stanković, Ivan Obradović, Biljana Lazić (2015)
    Acquisition of new terminology from specific domains and its adequate description within terminological dictionaries is a complex task, especially for languages that are morphologically complex such as Serbian. In this paper we present an approach to solving this task semi-automatically on basis of lexical resources and local grammars developed for Serbian. Special attention is given to automatic inflectional class prediction for simple adjectives and nouns and the use of syntactic graphs for extraction of Multi-Word Unit (MWU) candidates for ...
    ... dictionaries using lexical resources and local grammars in our approach are: 1. Linguistic preprocessing of the input plain text file from the chosen domain using Unitex. 2. Analysis of unrecognized words as the most probable source of terminology and expand- ing the dictionary of simple words: ...
    ... Digital repository of The University of Belgrade Faculty of Mining and Geology archives faculty publications available in open access, as well as the employees' publications. - The Repository is available at: www.dr.rgf.bg.ac.rs Terminology acquisition and description using lexical resources and local ...
    ... text processing; 5.3. Linguistic pre-processing with expanded dictionaries for verification of recognition of new MWU lemmas. Figure 1: Diagram of terminology acquisition using lexical resources and local grammars The newly acquired terms, both simple and MWU, can be exported to termbases ...

  • Using technology for knowledge transfer between academia and enterprises

    Ivan Obradović, Ranka Stanković (2014)
    ... structure is outlined in Figure 3, is based on electronic language resources, namely, lexical resources, textual resources and grammars. Bilingual dictionaries in electronic form are one of the simplest multilingual lexical resources. However, for their full functionality in languages with complex ...
    ... presentations and software demonstrations. Language resources supporting the multilinguality of the platform, terminology and its search and browse functions are lexical and textual resources and grammars. Implementation resources consists of best practice design principles and licensing tools to ...
    ... ; • Language resources – lexical and textual resources and grammars to support the multilinguality of the platform, terminology and its search and browse functions; • Implementation resources - best practice design principles and licensing tools to promote open publishing of materials. The ...

  • Indexing of textual databases based on lexical resources: A case study for Serbian

    Ranka Stanković, Cvetana Krstev, Ivan Obradović, Olivera Kitanović (2015)
    In this paper we describe an approach to improvement of information retrieval results for large textual databases by pre-indexing documents using bag-of-words and Named Entity Recognition. The approach was applied on a database of geological projects financed by the Republic of Serbia in the last half century. Each document within this database is described by metadata, consisting of several fields such as title, domain, keywords, abstract, geographical location and the like. A bag of words was produced from these ...
    ... transducers for Serbian [6]. 4.1 Used Resources Lexical Resources. The resources for natural language processing of Serbian consisting of lexical resources and local grammars are being developed using the finite-state methodology as described in [1], [2]. The role of electronic dictionar- ies, covering ...
    ... Indexing of textual databases based on lexical resources: A case study for Serbian Ranka Stanković, Cvetana Krstev, Ivan Obradović, Olivera Kitanović Дигитални репозиторијум Рударско-геолошког факултета Универзитета у Београду [ДР РГФ] Indexing of textual databases based on lexical resources: A case ...
    ... Digital repository of The University of Belgrade Faculty of Mining and Geology archives faculty publications available in open access, as well as the employees' publications. - The Repository is available at: www.dr.rgf.bg.ac.rs Indexing of textual databases based on lexical resources: A case study for ...

  • Knowledge and Rule-Based Diacritic Restoration in Serbian

    Cvetana Krstev, Ranka Stanković, Duško Vitas (2018)
    In this paper we present a procedure for the restoration of diacritics in Serbian texts written using the degraded Latin alphabet. The procedure relies on the comprehensive lexical resources for Serbian: the morphological electronic dictionaries, the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian and local grammars. Dictionaries are used to identify possible candidates for the restoration, while the dataobtainedfromSrpKorandlocalgrammarsassistsinmakingadecisionbetween several candidates in cases of ambiguity. The evaluation results reveal that,dependingonthetext,accuracyrangesfrom95.03%to99.36%,whilethe precision (average 98.93%) is always higher than the recall (average 94.94%).
    diacritic restoration, morphological dictionary, corpus, word n-grams, local grammars
    ... 162–177. Dobrov, B. and Loukachevitch, N. (2006). Development of linguistic ontology on natural sciences and technology. In Proceedings of Linguistic Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 1077–1082. Fellbaum, C., Ed. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gelfenbeyn ...
    ... processing on the scale from more lexical to more conceptual resources. In this paper, we consider the approach to developing Russian ontological resources having the format of the RuThes thesaurus (Loukachevitch and Dobrov, 2014) and created for automatic processing of documents in information- analytical ...
    ... An overview of ontoclean. In Handbook on ontologies, pages 201–220. Springer. Guarino, N., Oberle, D., and Staab, S. (2009). What is an ontology? In Handbook on ontologies, pages 1–17. Springer. Guarino, N. (1998). Some ontological principles for designing upper level lexical resources. In Proceedings ...

  • Using Lexical Resources for Irony and Sarcasm Classification

    Miljana Mladenović, Cvetana Krstev, Jelena Mitrović, Ranka Stanković (2017)
    The paper presents a language dependent model for classification of statements into ironic and non-ironic. The model uses various language resources: morphological dictionaries, sentiment lexicon, lexicon of markers and a WordNet based ontology. This approach uses various features: antonymous pairs obtained using the reasoning rules over the Serbian WordNet ontology (R), antonymous pairs in which one member has positive sentiment polarity (PPR), polarity of positive sentiment words (PSP), ordered sequence of sentiment tags (OSA), Part-of-Speech tags of words (POS) ...
    ... We have applied the set of 471 rules over each one of the 793 antony- mous pairs of synsets defined using the near_antonym relation, thus obtaining a set of 3,258 pairs (a, z) of antonymous concepts acquired BCI’17, September 20–23, 2017, Skopje Using Lexical Resources for Irony and Sarcasm Cla ...
    ... Using Lexical Resources for Irony and Sarcasm Classification Full Paper Miljana Mladenović Milenijum III Vranje, Serbia ml.miljana@gmail.com Cvetana Krstev University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology Belgrade, Serbia cvetana@matf.bg.ac.rs Jelena Mitrović University of Passau, Faculty of Computer ...
    ... tweets mostly written in the BCMS languages. We developed a language tweet classifier that relies on lexical resources. Although resources we are using were developed for Serbian primarily, their development was based on traditional re- sources and texts covering to certain extent other related languages ...

  • Improving Document Retrieval in Large Domain Specific Textual Databases Using Lexical Resources

    Ranka Stanković, Cvetana Krstev, Ivan Obradović, Olivera Kitanović (2017)
    Large collections of textual documents represent an example of big data that requires the solution of three basic problems: the representation of documents, the representation of information needs and the matching of the two representations. This paper outlines the introduction of document indexing as a possible solution to document representation. Documents within a large textual database developed for geological projects in the Republic of Serbia for many years were indexed using methods developed within digital humanities: bag-of-words and named ...
    ... textual database of geological projects described in this paper is based on morphological electronic dictionaries and finite-state transducers for Serbian [12]. 3.1 Used Resources Lexical Resources. The resources for natural language processing of Serbian consisting of lexical resources and local grammars ...
    ... Databases Using Lexical Resources Ranka Stanković1(B), Cvetana Krstev2, Ivan Obradović1, and Olivera Kitanović1 1 Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia {ranka,ivan.obradovic,olivera.kitanovic}@rgf.bg.ac.rs 2 Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade ...
    ... comprehensive lexical resources for Serbian. For recognition of some types of named entities, e.g. personal names and locations, e-dictionaries and information within them is crucial; for others, like temporal expressions, local grammars in the form of FSTs that try to capture a variety of syntactic forms ...

  • FrameNet Lexical Database: Presenting a Few Frames Within the Risk Domain

    Aleksandra Marković, Ranka Stanković, Natalija Tomić, Olivera Kitanović (2021)
    U radu se daje kratak prikaz teorije semantike okvira, na kojoj je zasnovana leksička baza Frejmnet. Predstavljena je koncepcija ove mreže, kao i mogućnosti njene primene. Predstavljena je i leksička analiza koja se primenjuje u projektu izrade Frejmneta i ukazano na razlike između analize zasnovane na okviru u odnosu na analizu zasnovanu na reči. Zatim je prikazano nekoliko povezanih okvira koje prizivaju reči iz domena rizika. U radu je predstavljena i platforma NLTК pomoću koje se mogu koristiti ...
    Srpski jezik, semantika okvira, FrameNet, scenario rizika, rudarski korpus, obrada prirodnog jezika
    ... knowledge resources.” In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Asian Association for Lexi- cography, 604–611. Fillmore, Charles J. 1976. “Frame semantics and the nature of language.” In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the origin and development of language ...
    ... overview of the frame semantics theory that forms the theoretical basis of the Berkeley FrameNet project. We present the basic con- cepts of this database, as well as the possibility of implementing it in Serbian. We also take a close look at the lexical analysis used in the FrameNet development project ...
    ... ] 4 Lexical Analysis of the Word Risk in a Mining-related Corpus The development of a monolingual corpus in the domain of mining started as part of a mining project documentation management project using language 18. Data for ...

  • Using English Baits to Catch Serbian Multi-Word Terminology

    Cvetana Krstev, Branislava Šandrih, Ranka Stanković (2018)
    In this paper we present the first results in bilingual terminology extraction. The hypothesis of our approach is that if for a source language domain terminology exists as well as a domain aligned corpus for a source and a target language, then it is possible to extract the terminology for a target language. Our approach relies on several resources and tools: aligned domain texts, domain terminology for a source language, a terminology extractor for a target language, and a ...
    aligned texts, word alignment, terminology extraction, electronic dictionaries, morphological inflection
    ... certain lexical resources in the tar- get language on the basis of the existence of such resource in the source language (e.g. used for the Slovenian Word- Net (Vintar and Fišer, 2008)). In some cases, no lexical resources are used (Bouamor et al., 2012), while others rely on the existence of some bilingual ...
    ... We have used two bilingual lexical resources. (a) Serbian Wordnet (SWN) (Cvetana Krstev, 2013) that is aligned to the Princeton WordNet (PWN)9 and (b) a bilingual list con- taining general lexica with 10,551 English/Serbian entries. The production of the bilingual list of inflected forms was done in ...
    ... friendly interface for presentation of the results. Our in- tention is also to revise and further improve the relation “match” between aligned chunks and lexical resources, and possibly to introduce numeric values for the assessment rate. Needless to say, the enrichment of sentence-aligned domain-specific ...

  • Towards the semantic annotation of SR-ELEXIS corpus: Insights into Multiword Expressions and Named Entities

    Cvetana Krstev, Ranka Stanković, Aleksandra Marković, Teodora Mihajlov (2024)
    Овај рад представља активности на развоју корпуса ELEXIS-sr, српском додатку вишејезичном анотираном корпусу ELEXIS-а, који се састоји од семантичких анотација и репозиторија значења речи. ELEXIS је паралелни вишејезични анотирани корпус на десет европских језика, који може да се користи као вишејезички репер за евалуацију европских језика са мање и средње развијеним ресурсима. Фокус овог рада је на вишечланим изразима и именованим ентитетима, њиховом препознавању у скупу реченица ELEXIS-sr и поређењу са анотацијама на другим језицима. Разматрају се први кораци ...
    полилексемске језинице, именовани ентитет, вишезначност значења речи, складиште смисла, LLOD